Description

• Between the 3rd and 5th centuries AD, the Roman Empire was in a state of decline with several reflections on ancient Roman coinage of the time. The economy was struggling, and there was political instability. In 410 AD, the city of Rome was sacked by the Visigoths, and in 455 AD it was sacked again by the Vandals. The emperor Constantine moved the capital of the empire to Constantinople in 330 AD, the empire was divided into two parts in 395 AD, and by 476 AD the western half had fallen to barbarian invasions. The eastern half of the empire (aka the Byzantine empire) continued until 1453 AD when it fell to the Ottoman Turks. These broad events, need to pay armies and maintain a faltering economy brought continuous inflation and debasement of the currency. Numerous reforms attempted to re-set coinage also leveraging advanced alloying and silvering techniques to give the appearance of greater value than the material content of the individual coin and avoid hoarding behaviours. The split between East and West and its control through a Tetrarchy brought coinage emissions under the two Augusti and two Caesars, with numerous individual variations across the many local mints. For example the Antoninianus was issued to replace the Denarius though with scarce silver content, or with various issues of AE1-4 bronze coinage of ever decreasing size and weight. The gradual break-up of the western provinces also brought localised coinage emissions and barbarian issued imitations of Roman coinage. After the fall of Rome, the eastern part of the Empire managed to implement some degrees of successful reform for example under Emperor Anastasius at the end of the 5th century and then Justinian I.
• Like Brass, Bronze is an alloy of copper, but alloyed with Tin rather than Zinc. It was first used by humans around 3000 BCE. The earliest known examples of bronze objects are from the Sumerian city of Ur, in modern-day Iraq. Bronze was widely used in the ancient world for making tools, weapons, and armor, as well as for sculpture and other decorative items. The process of making bronze involves heating copper and tin to a high temperature and then pouring them into a mold. Once the metal has cooled and hardened, it can be shaped into the desired form. The bronze age was followed by the iron age - the spread of the Roman empire greatly contributed to the spread of iron-smelting technology.